New TOCs
as of June 1998
Seminar (India) 1997
TOC Nos. 449-460
(Scanned and HTMLed by Philip McEldowney
pm9k@virginia.edu - June 1998)
449. INDIA 1996 |
450. The State of Bihar |
451. Democracy & Development |
452. Workers and Unions |
453. Symbolic Spaces |
454. Political Exhaustion |
455. Alternatives in Communication |
456. Rethinking Institutions |
457. Empowering Women |
458. Media Trends |
459. Unity or Incoherence |
460. Futures
SEMINARS 1997, Numbers 449-460
INDIA 1996. **Seminar 449: January 1997
the year that was
24 INDIA: A NICE PLACE TO GET OUT OF
Swapan Dasgupta, Deputy Editor, 'The Indian Express'
26 BASTA!
Omkar Goswami, Professor of Economics, Indian Statistical Institute, Delhi
30 JUDGES IN A DEMOCRACY
Salman Khurshid, Advocate; former Minister of State for External Affairs
33 THE NEW INTOLERANCE
Vir Sanghvi, Consulting Editor, Ananda Bazar Group of Publications
38 DISORDERLY POLITICS OF A NEW ORDER
Harish Khare, Deputy Editor, 'The Hindu'
41 THE POLITICS OF TRANSITION
Mahesh Rangarajan, Fellow, Nehru Memorial Museum and Library, Delhi
45 THREE MASTER NARRATIVES OF INDIAN POLITICS
Ashutosh Varshney, Associate Professor of Government,
Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
48 HONOUR AMONG THIEVES
Arvind N. Das, historian and journalist with APCA, Delhi
50 WATERSHED ELECTIONS
P. Sainath, journalist, Mumbai
53 COOKING OUR GOOSE
Bharat Karnad, Research Professor in National Security Studies,
Centre for Policy Research, Delhi
57 THE YEAR OF THE BEAR
T.N. Ninan, Editor, 'Business Standard' and 'Business World'
61 INDIAN ENTERPRISE
Sanjaya Baru, Editorial Page Editor, 'The Times of India'
65 INDIA'S EXTERNAL SECTOR
Bibek Debroy, economist, Delhi
72 MAY DAY, MAY DAY
Shiv Visvanathan, Senior Fellow, Centre for the Study of
Developing Societies, Delhi
77 DOMESTICATING VIOLENCE
Anjum Katyal, Editor, Seagull Books and
'Seagull Theatre Quarterly', Calcutta
82 DEMANDING ACCOUNTABILITY
Aruna Roy, Nikhil Dey and Shanker Singh, activists with
the Mazdoor Kisan Sangharsh Samiti (MKSS), Rajasthan
88 EMPOWERING WOMEN
Srilatha Badliwala, Fellow, Women's Policy Research and Advocacy Unit,
National Institute of Advanced Studies, Bangalore
92 LIFE IN THE DEATH OF OUR CITIES
Cyrus Guzder, Chairman of Airfreight Limited and a Trustee of the Bombay
Environmental Action Group
96 LOCAL GEOGRAPHY
Kai Friese. Deputy Editor, 'The India Magazine'. Delhi
99 KALIYUG
Gautam Bhatia, architect and writer, Delhi
104 INDEX
COVER
Designed by Madhu Chowdhury of DCA
THE STATE OF BIHAR **Seminar 450: February 1997
a symposium on the legacy of a troubled state
12 THE PROBLEM
Posed by Pankaj Mishra, writer and publisher, Delhi
14 WHO IS A BIHARI?
Meenakshi Mukherjee, Professor of English,
Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi
17 SHADOWS OF THE POLTERGEISTS
Arun Sinha, Editor, 'The Navhind Times', Panjim, Goa
20 PARA-BANKING AND PARA-POLITICS
Arvind N. Das, historian and journalist with APCA, Delhi
23 THE ENIGMA THAT IS BIHAR ECONOMY
Shaibal Gupta, A.N. Sinha Institute of Social Studies.
Patna
28 BIHAR REVISITED
Nikesh Sinha, Management Consultant, Delhi
31 THE CHANGING VILLAGE
Sachchidananda, Director, Sulabh Institute of
Development Studies, Patna
34 BIHAR: OLD AND NEW
A.K. Lai, Reader in Political Science,
AN Sinha Institute of Social Studies, Patna
37 A LAND CALLED MITHILA
Hetukar Jha, Professor of Sociology, Patna University
42 ARE BIHARIS UNEDUCATED?
Kathinka Sinha-Kerkhoff, Asian Development
Research Institute, Ranchi
45 INTERVIEW
With Chaturanan Mishra, Union Minister of Agriculture.
by Ashok K. Singh, News Editor, TVI, Delhi
47 CHANGING IMAGES OF CASTE AND POLITICS
Walter Hauser, Professor Emeritus of History,
University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
53 ANATOMY OF A MASSACRE
Bela Bhatia, activist and research scholar,
University of Cambridge, UK
61 BOOKS
Reviewed by Swapan Dasgupta, Ashok K. Singh,
Savyasaachi, Harsh Sethi, Sangeeta Dasgupta and
Padmanabh Samarendra
67 FURTHER READING
A select and relevant bibliography
compiled by Sunita Gulati, IIPA
COVER
Designed by Madhu Chowdhury
of Dilip Chowdhury Associates
DEMOCRACY & DEVELOPMENT **Seminar 451: March 1997
a symposium on the social impact of our development choices
12 THE PROBLEM
Posed by Niraja Gopal Jayal, Department of
Political Science, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi
15 THE FREEDOM OF CHOICE
Sir Isaiah Berlin, Philosopher, U. K. in conversation
with Jyotirmaya Sharma who teaches philosophy at
St. Stephen's College, Delhi
19 A COMMUNITARIAN RESPONSE
S. Anitha, research student, politics, School of Oriental and
African Studies, London
23 DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS AND HUMAN RIGHTS
Sumanta Banerjee, journalist, Delhi
27 STRENGTHENING THE FOUNDATIONS
L.C. Jain, Consultant, Delhi
30 A NEW PARADIGM
Sailendra Nath Ghosh, environmentalist; writer on
economic and political affairs, Delhi
37 GRASSROOTS DEMOCRACY
Rajesh Tandon, Executive Director, Society for
Participatory Research in Asia, Delhi
40 POLITICS OF VOLUNTARY ACTION
Ajay S. Mehta, Chief Executive, Seva Mandir, Udaipur
44 THE NEO-MISSIONARIES
Srilata Swaminadhan, political activist working
among tribals and peasants in Rajasthan
47 A MEMORY FOR DEMOCRACY
Krishna Kumar, writer and Professor of Education,
University of Delhi
52 LESSONS FROM BHOPAL
Sanjoy Hazarika, journalist, Delhi
55 IN THE PUBLIC INTEREST
Sriram Panchu, lawyer, Madras
59 WHO SPEAKS FOR THE VICTIMS?
Amita Baviskar, Department of Sociology,
University of Delhi
62 BOOKS
Niraja Gopal Jayal, Dileep Padgaonkar, S.L. Rao,
Savyasaachi. Kanchan Chopra, Dunn Roy, Harsh Sethi,
Rajul Mathur and Ravi Srivastava
76 COMMUNICATION
Received front Ratnakar Tripathy, Delhi
78 FURTHER READING
A select and relevant bibliography
compiled by Sunita Gulati, IIPA, Delhi
COVER
Designed by Madhu Chowdhury
of Dilip Chowdhury Associates
WORKERS AND UNIONS **Seminar 452: April 1997
a symposium on the challenges facing labour organisations
12 THE PROBLEM
Posed by Aditya Nigam, Research Associate, Centre for
the Study of Developing Societies, Delhi
15 LIBERALISING LABOUR
Dunu Roy, chemical engineer, advises communities; on
environmental issues, Delhi
20 A DIVIDED CITY
Indrani Mazumdar and Subodh Varma, activists in the
trade union movement, Delhi ,
25 WAGES FOR UNORGANISED LABOUR
Renana Jhabvala, Coordinator and member, executive
committee of Self Employed Women's Association (SEWA)
and Secretary, National Centre for Labour, Delhi
29 ONTOLOGY OF WAGE LABOUR
Rustam Singh, Fellow, Indian Institute of
Advanced Studies, Shimla
31 MY STORY
Sushila, garment worker, Delhi
34 AN END AND A BEGINNING
Mukul Sharma, 'Navbharat Times', Delhi
38 DEMOCRATISATION AT AN IMPASSE
Vishwas Satgar, policy analyst ind advisor to COSATU,
Johannesburg, South Africa
41 A BUMPY ROAD AHEAD
A. Thothathri Raman, Special Correspondent,
'Business India', Delhi
45 ON WORKER TAKEOVERS
Sharit K Bhowmik, Professor,
Department of Sociology, University of Bombay
51 COMMENT
A.B. Bardhan, General Secretary,
Communist Party of India
53 BOOKS
Reviewed by Prabhu Mahapatra, Harsh Sethi,
Rakesh Kapoor, Parashuram Ray, Saugata Mukherji,
N. Chandra Mohan, Kalpana Sharma, Saral Vidrohi and
Aditya Nigam
69 FURTHER READING
A select and relevant bibliography
compiled by Aditya Nigam
71 CONTROVERSY
On conservation by Himraj Dang and Bittu Sehgal
COVER
Designed by Madhu Chowdhury
of Dilip Chowdhury Associates
SYMBOLIC SPACE **Seminar 453: May 1997
a symposium on media, text and design
12 THE PROBLEM
A short statement
of the issue involved
14 TWO HEROES OF OUR TIMES
V. Geetha, freelance writer involved with children's
publishing, Chennai
16 LOOKING AT MISS WORLD
Melissa Butcher, International Communications
Programme, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
21 TOURISM AND THE IMPERIAL GAZE
Rose DeNeve, Department of Anthropology,
Syracuse University, USA
25 MARKET LIFE OF AMAR CHITRA KATHA
Nandini Chandra, doctoral student, Department of
Linguistics, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi
30 POPULAR ROMANCES
Urmi A. Goswami, research scholar and member
editorial team, 'The Eye', Delhi
33 COOL, COOL BEVERAGE
Kristy Bright, Ph.D. candidate in Cultural Anthropology
at the University of California, Santa Cruz, USA
38 GANDHI GOES TO NID
Shiv Visvanathan, Senior Fellow, Centre for the Study of
Developing Societies, Delhi
41 TECHNOFUTURES
Ravi Sundaram, Fellow, Centre for the Study of
Developing Societies, Delhi
47 BOOKS
Reviewed by Primila Lewis, Anita Roy, Romi Khosla,
Rajeswari Sunder Rajan and Ravi Sundaram
53 FURTHER READING
A select and relevant bibliography
57 COMMUNICATIONS
Received from R.L. Kumar, Bangalore and
A. Varshney, Cambridge, USA
COVER
Designed by Madhu Chowdhury
of Dilip Chowdhury Associates
POLITICAL EXHAUSTION **Seminar 454: June 1997
a symposium on some issues facing our polity
12 THE PROBLEM
a short statement on
the issues involved
14 UNHOLY ALLIANCES
Chandan Mitra, Editor, 'The Pioneer', Delhi
17 IN SEARCH OF POLITICAL STABILITY
Bhaskar Dutta, Professor, Indian Statistical Institute, Delhi
21 A DEFINING MOMENT
Malini Parthasarathy, Executive Editor, 'The Hindu', Chennai
24 WHY WE MUST RETAIN THE
MAJORITY-MINORITY FRAMEWORK
Rajeev Bhargava, teaches at the Centre for Political Studies.
Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi
28 NATION AND THE REGIONS
Javeed Alam, Visiting Senior Fellow, Centre for the
Study of Developing Societies. Delhi
31 LIMITS OF REGIONAL SECTARIANISM
Udayon Misra, Professor of English. Dibrugarh University,
Dibrugarh
34 BEYOND COALITION POLITICS
Amaresh Misra, writer and columnist, Allahabad
39 A THIRD FRONT
Kumaresh Chakravarty, columnist; teaches at
Zakir Hussain College, Delhi
43 LEFT POLITICS
Manini Chatterjee, journalist and CPI(M) worker, Delhi
47 FEDERAL ANARCHY
Kanchan Gupta, Director, S.P. Mukherjee Research
Foundation, Delhi
50 THE CAMERA HAS TWO FACES
Barkha Dutt, Correspondent, New Delhi Television, Delhi
52 POLITICAL CONTINUITY
Jaipal Reddy, Minister for Information and Broadcasting,
speaks to Ashok Singh, Chief of Bureau, TVI, Delhi
57 WHAT AILS THE CONGRESS
V.N. Gadgil, spokesperson of the Congress party,
Speaks to Rajdeep Sardesai, Political Editor,
New Delhi Television, Delhi
59 BOOKS
Reviewed by Bharat Karnad, Shashi Joshi, Achin Vanaik,
B.M. Kaushik and Harsh Sethi
67 FURTHER READING
A select and relevant bibliography
Compiled by Sunita Gulati, IIPA, Delhi
73 COMMENT
An extract from a report on the killings in Siwan, Bihar
COVER
Designed by Madhu Chowdhury
of Dilip Chowdhury Associates
ALTERNATIVES IN COMMUNICATION **Seminar 455: July 1997
a symposium on mediums, innovations and practices
12 THE PROBLEM
Posed by Vibodh Parthasarathi, communication
theorist, Delhi
16 AN OVERVIEW
N.V.K. Murthy, former Director, Film and Television
Institute of India, Pone
19 MOVEMENTS, MEDIA AND MEDIATIONS
Sanjay Sangvai, activist with the Narmada Bachao
Andolan, Vadodara
23 OF CONSUMERS AND KINGS
Sudbanva Deshpande, theatre activist, Delhi
27 THE KALAKAR AS PUPPET
Interview with Hamid and Bodhuram, artists with
Urmul Trust, Lunkaransar, Bikaner by V.P.
31 SILENCE
Vidya Rao, singer and musicologist, Delhi
34 FEMINIST VOICES
Supriya Akerkar, worked with Warli tribals in
Thane district, Maharashtra
38 WRITING FOR CHILDREN
Anupa Lai, writes books for children, Delhi
41 USING THE VIDEO
Satyajit Sarkar and Sharad Agarwal, work independently
in development communication and documentary video, Delhi
45 BEYOND COMMERCIAL LOGIC
A document prepared by Forum for Independent
Film and Video, Delhi
50 WRITER IN THE FIELD
An interview with Bharat Dogra, 'News from Field
and Slums', Delhi by Deepti P. Mehrotra
53 IN PRAISE OF RUMOUR
Ira Pande, Associate Editor, 'Biblio', Delhi
55 BOOKS
Reviewed by Vibodh Parthasarathi, Dipankar Sinha,
Sevanti Ninan and Ratnakar Tripathy
61 FURTHER READING
A select and relevant bibliography
compiled by Vibodh Parthasarathi
COVER
Designed by Madhu Chowdhury
of Dilip Chowdhury Associates
RETHINKING INSTITUTIONS **Seminar 456: August 1997
a symposium on state, civil society and mediating structures
12 THE PROBLEM
Bishnu N. Mohapatra, Centre for Political Studies,
Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi
17 CIVIL SOCIETY AND LIBERAL NORMS
Ashok Acharya, doctoral candidate, Department of
Political Science, University of Toronto, Canada
21 CASTE AND DEMOCRACY
Hans Blomkvist, Associate Professor, Department of
Government, Uppsala University, Sweden
26 POLITICAL PARTIES AND SOCIETAL VALUES
Satish Saberwal, Sociologist; till recently with the
Centre for Historical Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru
University, Delhi
32 GADDAR: EMBODYING MANY INSTITUTIONS
Kancha Ilaiah, Department of Political Science,
Central University of Hyderabad
36 UNIVERSITY UNDER SIEGE
Kuldeep Mathur, Director, National Institute
of Educational Planning and Administration
(NIEPA), Delhi
39 ENSURING SUSTAINABILITY
Amulya Kumar N. Reddy, Director, International
Energy Initiative, Bangalore
42 CLEANING UP
Seminarist, artist and commentator on cultural affairs
45 PUBLIC HOSPITALS
Sunil K. Pandya, Professor, K.E.M. Hospital, Mumbai
52 THE UDUPI MADHVA MATHA
M.A. Vasudeva Rao, doctoral fellow, Department of
Sociology, University of Delhi
56 BUILDING INTELLECTUAL TRADITIONS
Daya Krishna, Philosopher, in an interview with
Shail Mayaram, Fellow, Institute for Development
Studies, Jaipur
62 BOOKS
Reviewed by Satish Saberwal, Sudha Pai,
Rakesh Hooja, Bishnu N. Mohapatra and
Omkar Goswami
72 FURTHER READING
A select and relevant bibliography
COVER
Designed by Madhu Chowdhury
of Dilip Chowdhury Associates
EMPOWERING WOMEN **Seminar 457: September 1997
a symposium on political reservations for women
12 THE PROBLEM
a short statement
of the issues involved
14 HISTORICAL SOUNDINGS
Vina Mazumdar, Chairperson, Centre For Women's
Development Studies, Delhi
20 RESERVATIONS ABOUT FURTHER RESERVATION
Vasudha Dhagamwar, Executive Director, MARG
(Multiple Action Research Group), Delhi
23 DEMOCRACY AND RESERVATION
Malini Bhattacharya, Professor, Jadavpur University,
Calcutta; former CPI(M) Member of Parliament
25 THE WOMEN'S RESERVATION BILL
Abhishek M. Singhvi, Senior Advocate, Supreme Court;
Additional Solicitor General, India
31 INTERROGATING WRB 1996
Usha Ramanathan, Indian Law Institute, Delhi
35 WHITHER INDIAN WOMEN?
Margaret Alva, Member of Parliament (Rajya Sabha)
and former Union Minister of State
38 RESERVATIONS AND REPRESENTATION
Nivedita Menon, Lecturer, Department of Political Science,
Lady Shri Ram College, Delhi
42 AN IMPORTANT SPRINGBOARD
Janaki Nair, Fellow, Madras Institute of Development
Studies, Chennai
46 COMMENT
Received from Jumana AI-Tamimi, journalist, Jordan
50 FACTFILE 1952-1997
Chandrika Parmar with CSDS Data Unit, Delhi
53 DOCUMENTS
Extracts from Towards Equality, Report of the Committee
on Status of Women in India (1974); National Pespective
Plan for Women (I 988); The Constitution (81st Amendment)
Bill (1996); Report of the, Joint Committee on the
Constitution (81st Amendment) Bill (1996)
59 BOOKS
Reviewed by Meena Dhanda, Susan Visvanathan.
Ena Singh, Ruchi Chaturvedi, Shubhada S. Bhave,
Usha Ramanathan, Enakshi Ganguly Thukral,
Dipavali Debroy, and Sumanta Banerjee
72 FURTHER READING
A select and relevant bibliography
compiled by Anju Vyas, Librarian, CWDS, Delhi
79 IN MEMORIUM
Sanjoy Ghosh, social activist
COVER
Designed by Madhu Chowdhury
of Dilip Chowdhury Associates
MEDIA TRENDS **Seminar 458: October 1997
a symposium on the press and TV in our times
12 THE PROBLEM
Posed by Ajit Bhattacharjea, Director,
The Press Institute of India, Delhi
14 DOWN MEMORY LANE
H.Y. Sharada Prasad, columnist and former Information
Advisor to the prime minister, Delhi
18 THE DISPENSABLE EDITOR
Vir Sanghvi, Consulting Editor, Ananda Bazar Group
24 INDIAN-LANGUAGE NEWSPAPERS
Robin Jeffrey, Professor of Politics, La Trobe University,
Victoria, Australia
29 ACTIVIST JOURNALS
Harsh Sethi, Consulting Editor, 'Seminar', Delhi
34 TV TALES
Malvika Singh, Executive Chairperson TVI; and
Publisher, 'Seminar', Delhi
39 CODES OF CONDUCT
Alexander Nicoll, journalist with 'The Financial Times'(UK):
Former Consulting Editor, 'Business Standard', Delhi
43 MEDIA AS COMMERCE
Tony Jesudasan, Publisher, the Observer Group, Delhi
46 BUSINESS JOURNALISM
Arun Varma, News Coordinator (financial services),
Press Trust of India, Delhi
49 THE FREE MARKET JOURNALIST
Sagarika Ghose, Special Correspondent, 'Outlook', Delhi
52 THE FAULT, DEAR BRUTUS
Raj Kamal Jha, Deputy Editor (editorial operations),
'The Indian Express', Delhi
56 INDEX ON MEDIA
Anoop Babani, Assistant Editor, 'Business India', Mumbai
58 AMNESIA
P. Sainath, journalist. Mumbai
63 BOOKS
Reviewed by Dilip M. Menon. Harsh Sethi,
Suhail A. Nathani, Anoop Babani and Bernard lmhasly
73 FURTHER READING
A select and relevant bibliography
77 BACKPAGE
COVER
Designed by Madhu Chowdhury
of Dilip Chowdhury Associates
UNITY OR INCOHERENCE **Seminar 459: November 1997
a symposium on emerging issues in center-state relations
12 THE PROBLEM
Posed by Francine R. Frankel, Director. Center for the
Advanced Study of India. University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, USA
16 COMPARATIVE DEMOCRATIC
FEDERALISM
Alfred Stepan. Gladstone Professor, All Soul's College,
Oxford University, UK
27 CUTTING STATES TO SIZE
Sanjib Baruah, Professor of Political Studies,
Bard College, New York, USA
31 A MORE FEDERAL INDIA?
Douglas V. Verney, Adjunct Professor and Fellow, CASI,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
36 THE FEDERAL COALITION
Ashis Banerjee, Secretary, the Indian National Trust for
Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH). Delhi
39 INSTRUMENTS OF FEDERALISM
Beryl A. Radin, Professor Of Public Administration and
Policy, Rockefeller College, State University of'
New York at Albany, USA
48 EMERGING FISCAL AND
ECONOMIC ISSUES
D.K. Srivastava, Professor, National Institute of
Public Finance and Policy, Delhi
54 ON FEDERALISM AND
REFORM IN INDIA
Nirvikar Singh, Department of Economics. University of
California, Santa Cruz, USA
63 BOOKS
Reviewed by Basudev Chatterji, Vidhu Verma,
Denis Vidal, B.K. Joshi, Seminarist, Chandrika Parmar.
Sanjaya Baru, Bharat Karnad, Sukumar Muralidharan
and Harsh Sethi
80 FURTHER , READING
A select and relevant bibliography
compiled by Sunita Gulati, IIPA. Delhi
86 BACKPAGE
COVER
Designed by Madhu Chowdhury
of Dilip Chowdhury Associates
FUTURES **Seminar 460: December 1997
a symposium on critiques of dominant futures studies
12 THE PROBLEM
Posed by Ziauddin Sardar, Professor of S&T Policy,
Middlesex University; Consulting Editor, 'Futures', UK
19 A SURPRISE FREE FUTURE?
Graham H. May, Principal Lecturer in Futures Research,
Leeds Metropolitan University, UK
25 THE FUTURE OF KNOWLEDGE
Vinay Lai, Assistant Professor, Department of History,
University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), USA
31 EVADING THE FUTURE EATERS
Sohail Inayatullah, Senior Research Fellow,
Communications Centre, Queensland University of
Technology, Brisbane, Australia
37 THE ART OF THE FUTURE
Scan Cubitt, Reader in Video and Media Studies,
John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
42 THE FUTURE OF DISSENT
Ashis Nandy, Senior Fellow, Centre for the Study of
Developing Societies, Delhi
46 GLOBAL FUTURES
Jan Nederveen Pieterse, Associate Professor,
Institute of Social Studies, The Hague, The Netherlands
56 BOOKS
Reviewed by Anindita Mukhopadhyay,
Enakshi Ganguly Thukral, Nasir Tyabji,,
Raman Mahadevan, Akhilesh Mithal,
Mohammad Talib, and D.R. Nagaraj
66 FURTHER READING
A select and relevant bibliography
compiled by Merryl Wyn Davies, anthropologist
and television consultant, Malaysia
69 COMMENT
Received from Swami Agnivesh, Delhi and
Trevor Allis, Mumbai
77 BACKPAGE
COVER
Designed by Madhu Chowdhury
of Dilip Chowdhury Associates
Back to the top
Seminars (India)
Seminars 1996 |
Seminars 1995 |
Seminars 1994 |
Seminars 1993
South Asia Journals page |
H-Net Asia - Journals (Tables of Contents)